Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Here's a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today: you' re the CEO of a small business, and thought you' re making a nice_1_, you need to find a way to take it to the next level. What you need to do is_2_growth by establishing a growth team. A growth team is made up of members from different departments within your company, and it harnesses the power of collaboration to focus_3_on finding ways to grow.

Let's look at a real-world _4_. Prior to forming a growth team, the software company BitTorrent had 50 employees working in the_5_departments of engineering, marketing and product development. This brought them good results until 2012, when their growth plateaued. The_6_was that too many customers were using the basis, free version of their product. And _7_improvements to the premium, paid version, few people were making the upgrade.

Things changed, _8_, when an innovative project-marketing manager came about, _9_a growth team and sparked the king of_10_perspective they needed, By looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view, it become clear that the_11_of upgrades wasn’t due to a quality issue. Most customers were simply unaware of the premium version and what it offered.

Armed with this _12_, the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently _13_the premium version to users of the free version. _14_, upgrades skyrocketed, and revenue increased by 92 percent.

But in order for your growth, team to succeed, it needs to have a strong leader. It needs someone who can_15_the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvements. This leader will_16_ the target area, set clear goals and establish a time frame for the_17_of these goals.

The growth leaders are also_18_for keeping the team focused on moving forward and steering them clear of distractions. _19_attractive new ideas can be distracting, the team leader must recognize when these ideas don't_20_the current goal and need to be put on the back burner.

PartA

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

In the quest for the perfect lawn, homeowners across the country are taking as shortcut — and it is the environment that is paying the price. About eight million square meters of plastic grass is sold each year but opposition has now spread to the highest gardening circles. The Chelsea Flower Show has banned fake grass from this year's event, declaring it to be not part of its ethos. The Royal Horticultural' Society (RHS), which runs the annual show in west London, says it has introduced the ban because of the damage plastic grass does to the environment and biodiversity.

Ed Horne, of the RHS, said: 'We launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just not in line with our ethos and views on plastic. We recommend using real grass because of its environmental benefits, which include supporting wildlife, alleviating flooding and cooling the environment."

The RHS's decision comes as campaigners try to raise awareness of the problems fake grass causes. A Twitter account, which claims to "cut through the green wash" of artificial grass, already has more than 20,000 followers. It is trying to encourage people to sign two petitions, one calling for a ban on the sale of plastic grass and another calling for an "ecological damage tax on such lawns. They have gathered 7,276 and 11,282 signatures.

However, supporters of fake grass point out that there is also an environmental impact with natural lawns, which need mowing and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol. The industry also points out that real grass requires considerable amounts of water, weed killer or other treatments and the people who lay fake grass tend to use their garden more. The industry also claims that people who lay fake grass spend an average of $500 on trees or shrubs for their garden, which provides habitat for insects.

In response to another petition last year about banning fake lawns, which gathered 30,000 signatures, the government responded that it has "no plans to ban the use of artificial grass."

It added: 'We prefer to help people and organizations make the right choice rather than legislating on such matters. However, the use of artificial grass must comply with the legal and policy safeguards in place to protect biodiversity and ensure sustainable drainage, while measure, such as the strengthened biodiversity duty should serve to encourage public authorities to strengthen sustainable alternatives."

Text 2

It's easy to dismiss as absurd the Trump administration's ideas for plugging the chronic funding gap of our national parks. Can anyone really think it's a good idea to allow Amazon deliveries to your tent in Yosemite or food trucks to line up under the redwood trees atSequoiaNational Park?

But the administration is right about one thing:U.S.national parks are in crisis. Collectively, they have a maintenance backlog of more than $12 billion. Roads, trails, restrooms, visitor centers and other infrastructure are crumbling.

But privatizing and commercializing the campgrounds would not be the panacea that the Interior Department's Outdoor Advisory Committee would have us believe. Campgrounds are a tiny portion of the overall infrastructure backlog, and questionnaires in the parks hand over, on average, only about 5% of their revenues to the National Park Service.

Moreover, increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300 million visitors come to the parks each year: to enjoy nature and get a respite from the commercial drumbeat that overwhelms daily life.

The real problem is that the parks have been chronically starved of funding. We conducted a comprehensive survey examining howU.S.residents view their national parks, and we found that Americans place a very high value on them-whether or not they actually visit them. The peer-reviewed economic survey of 700U.S.taxpayers, conducted by mail and internet, also found that people would be willing to pay a significant amount of money to make sure the parks and their programs are kept intact. Some 81% of respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the next 10 years to avoid any cuts to the national parks.

The national parks provide great value toU.S.residents both as places to escape and as symbols of nature. On top of this, they produce value from their extensive educational programs, their positive impact on the climate through carbon sequestration, their contribution to our cultural and artistic life and of course through tourism. The parks also help keep America's past alive, working with thousands of local authorities around the country to protect historical sites——including Ellis Island and Gettysburg-and to bring the stories of these places to life.

Text 3

The Internet may be changing merely what we remember, not our capacity to do so, suggestsColumbiaUniversitypsychology professor Betsy Sparrow. In 2011, Sparrow led a study in which participants were asked to record 40 factoids in a computer (an ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain, for example). Half of the participants were told the information would be erased, while the other half were told it would be saved. Guess what? The latter group made no effort to recall the information when quizzed on it later, because they knew they could find it on their computers. In the same study, a group was asked to remember both the information and the folders it was stored in. They didn't remember the information, but they remembered how to find the folders. In other words, human memory is not deteriorating but “adapting to new communications technology, Sparrow says.

In a very practical way, the Internet is becoming an external hard drive for our memories, a process known as “cognitive offloading.” Traditionally, this role was fulfilled by data banks, libraries, and other humans. Your father may never remember birthdays because your mother does, for instance. Some worry that this is having a destructive effect on society, but Sparrow sees an upside. Perhaps, she suggests, the trend will change our approach to learning from a focus on individual facts and memorization to an emphasis on more conceptual thinking — something that is not available on the Internet. “I personally have never seen all that much intellectual value in memorizing things, Sparrow says, adding that we haven't lost our ability to do it.

Still other experts say it's too soon to understand how the Internet affects our brains. There is no experimental evidence showing that it interferes with our ability to focus, for instance, wrote psychologists Christopher Chabris and Daniel J. Simons. And surfing the web exercised the brain more than reading did among computer-savvy older adults in a 2008 study involving 24 participants at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at theUniversityofCalifornia,Los Angeles.

“There may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the Internet, but I'd have to imagine that overall the benefits are going to outweigh those costs,” observes psychology professor Benjamin Storm. “It seems pretty clear that memory is changing, but is it changing for the better? At this point, we don’t know.”

Text 4

Teenagers are paradoxical. That's a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language. But the paradox is scientific as well as personal. In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other. At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers.

A new study published in the journal Child Development, by Eveline Crone of theUniversityofLeidenand colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand. The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence. For a long time, scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved. The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.

The researchers studied “prosocial and rebellious traits in more than 200 children and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old. The participants filled out questionnaires about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend, or rebellious and negative, like getting drunk or staying out late.

Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager and then fades away as you grow older. But the new study shows that interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior. Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like unselfishly help a friend.

Most significantly, there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness. The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others. The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together.

Is there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments? One idea is that teenage behavior is related to what researchers call “reward sensitivity. Decision-making always involves balancing rewards and risks, benefits and costs. “Reward sensitivity” measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk.

Teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards —winning the game, impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you. Reward sensitivity, like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we age. Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn't seem to outweigh the effort of getting up off the couch.

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

Net-zero rules set to send cost of new homes and extensions soaring

New building regulations aimed at improving energy efficiency are set to increase the price of new homes, as well as those of extensions and loft conversions on existing ones.

The rules, which came into effect on Wednesday inEngland, are part of government plans to reduce theUK's carbon emissions to net zero by 2050. They set new standards for ventilation, energy efficiency and heating, and state that new residential buildings must have charging points for electric vehicles.

The moves are the most significant change to building regulations in years, and industry experts say they will inevitably lead to higher prices at a time when a shortage of materials and high labour costs are already driving up bills.

Brian Berry, chief executive of the Federation of Master Builders, says them measures will require new materials, testing methods, products and systems to be installed, "All this comes at an increased cost during a time when prices are already sky high Inevitably, consumers will have to pay more," he says.

Gareth Belsham, of surveyors Naismiths, says people who are upgrading, or extending their home, will be directly affected. "The biggest changes relate to heating and insulation," he explains. "There are new rules concerning the amount of glazing used in extensions, and any new windows or doors must be highly insulated."

Windows and doors will have to adhere to higher standards, while there are new limits on the amount of glazing you can have to reduce unwanted heat from the sun.

Thomas Goodman, of My Job Quote, says this will bring in new restrictions for extensions. "Glazing on windows, doors and roof lights must cover no more than 25% of the floor area to prevent heat loss," he says.

As the rules came into effect last Wednesday, property developers were rushing to file plans just before the deadline. Any plans submitted before that date are considered to be under the previous rules, and can go ahead as long as work starts before 15 Jun next year.

Builders which have costed projects, but have not filed the paperwork, may need to go back and submit fresh estimates, says Marcus Jefford of Build Aviator.

Materials prices are already up 25% in the last two years. How much overall prices will increase as a result of the rule changes is not clear. "Whilst admirable in their intentions, they will add to the cost of house building at a time when many already feel that they are priced out of home ownership," says Jonathan Rolande of the National Association of Property Buyers. “An average extension will probably see around E3,000 additional cost thanks to the new regs."

John Kelly, a construction lawyer at Freeths law firm, believes prices will eventually come down. But not in the immediate future. "As the marketplace adapts to the new requirements, and the technologies that support them, the scaling up of these technologies will eventually bring costs down, but in the short term, we will all have to pay the price of the necessary transition." he says.

However, the long-term effects of the changes will be more comfortable and energy-efficient homes, adds Andrew Mellor, of PRP architects. "Homeowners will probably recoup that cost over time in energy bill savings. It will obviously be very volatile at the moment, but they will have that benefit over time."

A. The rise of home prices is a temporary matter.

B. Builders possibly need to submit new estimates of their projects.

C. There will be specific limits on home extensions to prevent heat loss.

D. The new rules will take home prices to an even higher level.

E. Many people feel that home prices are already beyond what they can afford.

F. The new rules will affect people whose home extensions include new windows or doors.

G. The rule changes will benefit homeowners eventually.